This volume is one of the most remarkable works in the history of economic thought. First published in 1893, its principal significance rests in its argument that economic theory, however technical or pragmatic, is necessarily formed by and derives its meaning from larger moral and philosophical systems and assumptions. Bonar traces the inexorable presence of this moral and philosophical element in a vast, though highly nuanced, survey of the economic aspect of major thinkers from Plato to Darwin and demonstrates (...) how modern economic thought, in turn, grew out of one or another branch of philosophy. Bonar begins with a consideration of Plato and Aristotle, examining their conceptions of wealth, production and distribution, and civil society. Discussions of the Stoics, Epicurians, and early Christianity explore complications introduced by these bodies of thought. His analysis of the classical and medieval world is followed by an extensive treatment of the concept of natural law, from the Renaissance through the Enlightenment, describing its influence and its relation to ideas of natural rights. The book's later sections concentrate on the dominant modes of ninteenth-cen-tury thought: utilitarianism, idealism, and materialism. Bonar identifies and explores the philosophical topics on which the conduct of technical economic analysis makes assumptions: human nature and human wants, the nature and role of the state, the relation of the individual to society, the nature and origin of property, and the role of ideals in socioeconomic life. He concludes by examining the implications for economics of the theory of evolution arising from the work of Darwin and others. The continuing interest of this volume for economists, philosophers, and sociologists lies in Bonar's contention that at the heart of the relationship of philosophy to economics is the problem of order: the ongoing need to reconcile conflicts between freedom and control, continuity and change, hierarchy and equality. In his reading, the fundamental question to which philosophy and economics are both brought to bear is that of changing the structure of power and opportunity in the social economy. This is, in short, a classic in the history of economics as well as the economic element in intellectual history. (shrink)

To this, his first book, the author owed the opportunities of travel and leisure which enabled him to perfect his second, the Wealth of Nations, 1776. It has needed all the fame of the second to keep alive the memory of the first. The Moral Sentiments founded no school, and is usually passed over with the faint praise due to the author's reputation. Yet Burke welcomed its theory as “in all its essential parts just” ; and it was treated by (...) Lessing with respect, though not agreement, in the Laocoon, 1766. (shrink)

First published in 2002. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

This classic text, first published in 1893, was the first attempt to present a view of the relations of philosophy and economics through the whole of their history. In tracing the history of this relationship the author begins by examining the work of the ancient philosophers and continues with the followers of the theory of natural law. He then explores the utilitarian economics and the ¿idealistic economics¿. This title will be of interest to students of the history of economic thought.

Christian Religious Education (CRE) studies are often known to neglect the incorporation of local culture, as regulations primarily mandate the inclusion of Christian dogmatics and social issues. In fact, Christian ethics and biblical doctrine receive massive exploration compared to social and cultural discussions. Therefore, this study explored Minahasan celebration practice as an alternative dimension that can be integrated into the CRE curriculum, thereby bridging the gap between social and religious features. A sensitive analysis was used to delve into Minahasan cultural (...) expression, which potentially contributed to the tension. The study used literature, references, articles and books to construct the practice and philosophy of each ritual. In essence, practices such as mapalus, kampetan, mu’kur and foso rummages are alternative values for the CRE curriculum.Contribution: The findings contribute to developing the Christian Religious Education curriculum in Indonesia, specifically Minahasa. Local cultures share values relating to social, religious and educational values, potentially enriching and developing the curriculum. Ritual practices could contribute significantly to the Christian Religious Education that provides local cultural elements. (shrink)

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and (...) made generally available to the public. To ensure a quality reading experience, this work has been proofread and republished using a format that seamlessly blends the original graphical elements with text in an easy-to-read typeface. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. (shrink)

Mekân çalışmaları ve bellek çalışmaları, 1960’lardan bu yana benzer bir eğilimle sosyolojiden edebiyata, psikolojiden kent bilimlerine kadar birçok disipline konu olmuştur. Bu süreçte, çeşitli kuramsal bakış açılarının ilgi alanına giren bellek ve mekân, kimliği kuran unsurlar olarak birlikte ele alınmaya başlanmıştır. Erman ve Özaloğlu’nun derledikleri bu çalışma da söz konusu unsurlara ve bu unsurlar arasındaki ilişkiye odaklanmaktadır. Bellek ve mekâna dair çalışmaların çok sayıda disiplinin ortak ilgisi olduğu burada da göze çarpmaktadır, zira yazarlar arasında iki araştırmacı, bir küratör ve üç (...) doktora öğrencisinin dışında çok sayıda akademisyen yer almaktadır. Akademisyenlerin alanlarına bakıldığındaysa felsefeden antropolojiye, tarihten dil ve iletişim bilimlerine, siyaset bilimi ve kamu yönetiminden sosyoloji ve sosyal hizmete kadar geniş bir çeşitlilik göze çarpmaktadır. Ancak, şehir ve bölge planlama, iç mimarlık ve çevre tasarımı ile mimarlık gibi mekânı temel alan disiplinlerden akademisyenler (13 akademisyen) bu çalışmanın yazarları arasında çoğunluğu oluşturmaktadır. Bellek ve mekân ilişkisine odaklanan bu derleme kitap, sekiz bölümden ve 28 makaleden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde genel hatlarıyla bellek, mekân ve tarih ilişkisiyle ilgili kuramsal tartışmaların yanı sıra belleğin bir edebi eserdeki yansımasına yer verilmektedir. İkinci bölüm bellek ve mekân ilişkisini yakın geçmişe ait mekânlar (İkramiye evleri, Büyük Efes Oteli, Petkim-Aliağa konut yerleşkesi gibi) ve bu mekânlarda gerçekleşen dönüşümler üzerinden ele almaktadır. Mekânsal değişme ve dönüşüm konularını ele alan çalışmalar, ikinci bölümden başlayıp, dördüncü bölüme kadar devam etmektedir. Üçüncü ve dördüncü bölüm özellikle kentsel mekânda gerçekleşen ve gecekondu olgusunu da içeren dönüşüm projeleri ve toplumsal yansımalarına eğilmektedir. Beşinci bölüm, özellikle hafıza mekânlarına ayrılmıştır. Altıncı bölüm, toplumsal çeşitlilik vurgusuyla farklı toplumsal grupların mekâna dair deneyimlerine yer verirken Neo-liberal Dönüşümler başlıklı yedinci bölüm, bir anlamda kitabın alt metnini başlığa taşımış durumdadır. Sonuncu bölüm ise mekân, kimlik ve aidiyet konularına eğilmektedir. (shrink)

1Preface: Malthus the Utilitarian vs. Malthus the Christian moral thinker. The chapter aims at reconstructing the deadlocks of Malthus scholarship concerning his relationship to utilitarianism. It argues that Bonar created out of nothing the myth of Malthus’s ‘Utilitarianism’, which carried, in turn, a pseudo-problem concerning Malthus’s lack of consistency with his own alleged Utilitarianism; besides it argues that such misinterpretation was hard to die and still persists in Hollander’s reading of Malthus’s work. ● -/- 2 Eighteenth-century Anglican ethics. The (...) chapter gives an overview of eighteenth-century Anglican ethics, noticing how the Cambridge tradition gave special weight to natural theology as opposed to positive or revealed theology and how two Cambridge fellows, John Gay and Thomas Brown worked out a kind of a rational-choice account of the origins of natural laws, where a law-giver God chooses among a number of possible sets of laws on the basis of a maximizing criterion, happiness for his creatures. ● -/- 3 Malthus’s meta-ethics. The chapter reconstructs the two ethical chapters of the second Essay. It argues that Malthus’s ethics is not dependent on Paley’s, but is derived from Cumberland, Butler, Gay, Brown. Besides, it argues that theodicy takes a new place in the 1803 Essays and ethics becomes a key to theodicy. The new solution is that, once it has been proved that passions can be mastered and that a world where passions are under control would be a comparatively happy place, a society where moral restraint prevailed would make the middling ranks more numerous, reduce dependence, and preserve liberty. ● -/- 4 Malthus’s early normative ethics: a morality of freedom. The chapter reconstructs young Malthus’s views on the foundations of ethics, proving his adhesion to voluntarist consequentialism. Then it reconstructs his treatment of political issues, whence a clear stance emerges in favour of traditional Whig concerns, such as political freedom, personal independence and dignity. Finally, it gives a fresh look at the theological argument in the two well-known final chapters, locating it in the context of consequentialism, voluntarism, and quasi-Leibnizian theodicy. ● -/- 5 Malthus’s intermediate normative ethics: a morality of prudence. Malthus’s normative ethics focuses on two main ‘natural’ virtues, benevolence and chastity, and three artificial virtues. These include love for equality and love for liberty. A special place is granted to another virtue, prudence, which is the link between natural and artificial virtues. This special virtue also provides an invisible link between the private and the public domains, in that it contributes to combine self-love with general happiness. This is granted by the unintended results mechanism, or “the happiness of the whole is to be the result of the happiness of individuals, and to begin first with them. No cooperation is required”. ● -/- 6 Malthus’s mature normative ethics: a morality of humanity. The chapter describes reactions by Evangelicals, such as Gisborne, Sumner, and Chalmers, to Malthus’s theory and Malthus’s transformation of his own system in order to pave objections. This amounts to incorporating The Evangelicals’ ideas into his own system. The friendly controversy with his Evangelical fellow-travellers yielded several important changes in 1806, 1817, and 1826 editions of the second Essay in the formulation of Malthusian ethics, in the adoption of moral improvement instead of happiness as the variable to be maximised, in the adoption of generalized education as the main weapon in the war on poverty. ● -/- 7 Malthus’s applied ethics. The chapter reconstructs Malthus’s treatment of a few issues in ‘applied ethics’, sexual morality, public morality, poverty, and besides, war and slavery. On the first issue, he argues the duty to marry only at a time when one is ready to carry the burden of six children as a moral duty imposed by prudence and rejects birth control because of its alleged effect of encouraging ‘indolence’. On the second issue, he defends a peculiar kind of Whiggism as anti-Machiavellian politics centred on rights, equality, and dignity. On the third issue, his final approach is a kind of Institutional approach to poverty, making room for generalized basic education, free markets for labour and allowing for a subsidiary role for private beneficence. The goal to be aimed at is bringing about circumstances which tend to elevate the character of the lower classes of society and offer them a chance of being respectable, virtuous and happy. ● -/- 8 Conclusions: strengthening the theological foundation. Malthus’s criteria for policy appraisal were not utilitarian ones. His normative ethics and his politics were sharply different from Bentham’s. Utility is just one element in Malthus’s ethics, going with laws of nature and rights, and ironically, far from being a Benthamite insertion, is the most markedly theological element in Malthus’s system of ideas. ● -/- . (shrink)

Ve svém článku ‘Je elementární logika totéž co predikátová logika prvního řádu?’ (Pokroky matematiky, fyziky a astronomie 42, 1997, 127-133) klade Jiří Fiala nesmírně zajímavou otázku, zda je opodstatněné ztotožňovat elementární logiku s predikátovou logikou prvního řádu; s pomocí argumentů propagovaných již delší dobu finským logikem a filosofem Jaako Hintikkou (viz již jeho Logic, Language-Games and Information, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1973; nejnověji jeho The Principles of Mathematics Revisited, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1996) naznačuje, že by tomu tak být nemuselo. Myslím, (...) že uváděná argumentace stojí za bližší rozbor. Hintikka v podstatě říká: Kvantifikované formule predikátové logiky jsou svou podstatou o vybírání prvků z univerza; například ∀x∃yR(x,y) neříká nic jiného než to, že ke každému x můžeme vybrat y, které je k němu ve vztahu R. Obecněji říká Hintikka to, že každá formule je vlastně zápisem určité hry (ve smyslu matematické teorie her), jejíž některé tahy spočívají ve vybírání individuí. Na základě tohoto se pak ptá: je nějaký rozumný důvod, proč se omezovat jenom na hry toho typu, které jsou vyjádřitelné formulemi standardního predikátového počtu? Proč připouštět jen hry s úplnou informací (tj. ty, při kterých jsou při každém tahu k dispozici všechny tahy předchozí), proč vylučovat hry jiné; tudíž proč připouštět jen lineárně uspořádané kvantifikátory, a nepřipustit i kvantifikátory uspořádané třeba jen částečně? Hintikkova argumentace je příkladem argumentace typu formule logiky prvního řádu jsou ve skutečnosti o tom a o tom, tudíž ... . Uveďme pro ilustraci jiný nedávný příklad stejného argumentačního schématu, který pochází od Johana van Benthema (Exploring Logical Dynamics, CSLI, Stanford, 1997). Ten říká: Kvantifikátory jsou v podstatě modality, kvantifikované formule jsou tedy formule modální a jsou tudíž o existenci nějakých alternativ: formule ∀xP(x) říká, že P(x) je nutné, neboli že P(x) platí v každém „dosažitelném možném stavu věcí“, zatímco formule ∃xP(x) říká, že P(x) je možné, neboli že platí alespoň v jednom takovém stavu věcí.. (shrink)

Philosophy as criticism of categories, by A. Seth.--The relation of philosophy to science, by R. B. Haldane and J. S. Haldane.--Logic as the science of knowledge, by B. Bosanquet.--The historical method, by W. R. Sorley.--The rationality of history, by D. G. Ritchie.--The philosophy of art, W. P. Ker.--The social organism, by H. Jones.--The struggle for existence, by J. Bonar.--Pessimism and the religious consciousness, by T. B. Kilpatrick.

This article considers the theological influences on the Balfour Declaration which was made on the 2 November 1917 and for the first time gave British governmental support to the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. It explores the principal personalities and political workings behind the Declaration before going on to argue the statement cannot be entirely divested from the religious sympathies of those involved, especially Lord Balfour. Thereafter, the paper explores the rise of Christian Restorationism in the context of (...) Scottish Presbyterianism, charting how the influence of Jonathan Edwards shaped the thought of Thomas Chalmers on the role of the Jews in salvation history which in turn influenced the premillennialism of Edward Irving and his Judeo-centric eschatology. The paper then considers the way this eschatology became the basis of John Darby’s premillennial dispensationalism and how in an American context this theology began to shape the thinking of Christian evangelicals and through the work of William Blackstone provide the basis of popular and political support for Zionism. However, it also argues the political expressions of premillennial dispensationalism only occurred in America because the Chicago evangelist Dwight L. Moody was exposed to the evolving thinking of Scottish Presbyterians regarding Jewish restoration. This thinking had emerged from a Church of Scotland ‘Mission of Inquiry’ to Palestine in 1839 and been advanced by Alexander Keith, Horatius Bonar and David Brown. Finally, the paper explores how this Scottish Presbyterian heritage influenced the rise of Zionism and Balfour and his political judgements. (shrink)

Satu lagi, buku teologi (sosial) yang berbobot terbit! Berawal dari penelitian yang dimaksudkan untuk penyusunan disertasi pada The South East Asia Graduate School of Theology (SEAGST), 2004, Pendeta Gereja Masehi Injili di Halmahera, Julianus Mojau menyodorkannya kepada khalayak ramai di Indonesia. Argumen utama buku ini dapat diformulasikan dalam pertanyaan berikut ini: bagaimana model teologi sosial sebagaimana dihasilkan oleh tokoh-tokoh Kristen Protestan dan dokumen-dokumen yang meretas dari Persekutuan Gereja-gereja di Indonesia selama kurun waktu tiga dasawarsa, konkretnya semasa pemerintahan Orde Baru? Selama (...) kurun waktu tersebut, Mojau mengenali tiga model teologi sosial di lingkungan Kristen Protestan, yakni teologi sosial modernisme, liberatif, dan pluralis. Ketiga model itu diuraikan dengan sangat runtut, gamblang, sistematis, kritis, berikut logika analitik yang memperlihatkan keluasan dan kedalaman wawasan penulis. Terminologi “teologi sosial” ramai dimanfaatkan dalam blantika percaturan keilmuan di lingkungan Kristen Protestan Indonesia setelah (alm.) Pendeta Eka Darmaputera, Bernard Adeney-Risakotta, Martin Lukito Sinaga, dan Th. Sumartana menggantangnya pada awal tahun 2000.Ditunjukkannyadengan sangat jelas, bahwa “praksis” yang mengawali suatu proses berteologi sudah muncul jauh sebelum angka tahun tersebut. Pada prinsipnya segala teologi adalah teologi sosial, menurut kesimpulan A.G. Hoekema, (hlm. xv), meskipun J.S. Aritonang memberikan batasan simpel dan meyakinkan, yang intinya: “Berteologi di tengah realitas sosial yang kompleks,” itulah Teologi Sosial, (hlm. xiii). Setelah Pendahuluan yang panjang (26 halaman), yang memaparkan duduk perkara dan hal ikhwal diskursus yang diusung, berturut-turut dari Bab 1 (tentang teologi sosial modernisme, hlm. 27-142), Bab 2 (tentang teologi sosial liberatif, hlm. 143-279) dan Bab 3 (teologi pluralis, hlm. 280-365), Bab 4 (retrospeksi dan prospek teologi sosial pasca Orde Baru, hlm. 366-403) penulis memperlihatkan kajian dan analisis secara kritis ketiga model kategori teologi sosial Kristen Protestan di Indonesia. Ketiga model teologi tersebut ditempatkan oleh penulis dalam babak Orde Baru Indonesia (tahun 1969-1990-an) di bawah rezim Soeharto dan dalam pertautannya dengan Islam Politik............... Sebagai paparan dan kajian ilmiah yang mengedepankan pandangan putera-puteri terbaik Kristen Protestan berikut dokumen-dokumen DGI/PGI, karya Mojau ini tidak mampu menyembunyikan keyakinannya bahwa kebangkitan Islam Politik hanyalah sebuah euforia artikulasi kesadaran politis-humanistis yang sedang mencari format yang cocok dalam perubahan zaman di tengah proses transisional. Justru karena itulah Gereja-gereja perlu merangkul dan membuka komunikasi serta dialog yang tulus dengan saudara-saudara penganut Islam Politik sebagai sesama yang merindukan kedamaian, kebaikan, dan keadilan. Perjuangan bersama itulah yang dimaksudkan agar politik sebagai kearifan menatalayani kehidupan bersama tercapai. Dalam pembacaan saya, buku ini sangat inspiratif, kaya dengan informasi, mengedepankan pandangan secara komprehensif tanpa menghilangkan sikap kritis dan tajam. Ini fenomenal dan monumental! Mungkin inilah satu-satunya karya yang “berani” mengritik karya T.B. Simatupang. Mojau sendiri, menurut saya, memperlihatkan diri sebagai pribadi yang memegang teguh spirit Protestan sejati, yakni selalu bersikap kritis terhadap segala bentuk deifikasi. Karya ini akan lebih baik lagi jika ada indeks nama atau masalah pada halaman-halaman akhir. Selain itu, istilah “modernisme” yang diimbuhkan pada Teologi Sosial di mata saya memiliki konotasi lain, yakni aliran modernisme yang dikecam oleh (alm.) Pius X sebagai “biang dari segala kesesatan.” Tetapi di atas segala-galanya, analisis Mojau yang tajam membuat lorong-lorong kebuntuan koeksistensi damai dan adil dengan Islam Politik dapat diurai. Dengan demikian tanda tanya pada judul buku ini terjawab dengan pasti. (A. Eddy Kristiyanto, Program Studi Ilmu Teologi, Sekolah Tinggi Filsafat Driyarkara, Jakarta). (shrink)